REVIEW: READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE at New York’s Swiss Institute

  1. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute, New York. Pictured: Inside Outside / Petra Blaisse, Don’t pinch!, 2018; curtain with readymade material; courtesy of the Inside Outside / Petra Blaisse with Peter Niessen and Aura Luz Melis. architecten de vylder vinck tallieu, YELLOW, 2018; yellow construction posts; courtesy of the artists.

  2. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute, New York. Left to Right: Reena Spaulings, Gate, 2018; oil paint on walk-through security gate; courtesy of the artist. Alan Belcher, Desktop, 2012 / 2018; unique installation of 23 ceramic “_____.jpg”s; courtesy of the artist and Galerie Lange & Pult, Zürich. Oliver Payne and Nick Relph, Technical Taxi, 2007; metal bicycle wheel and plastic stool, pedestal courtesy of Shane Akeroyd Collection, London. Inside Outside / Petra Blaisse, Don’t pinch!, 2018; curtain with readymade material; courtesy of the Inside Outside / Petra Blaisse with Peter Niessen and Aura Luz Melis. architecten de vylder vinck tallieu, YELLOW, 2018; yellow construction posts; courtesy of the artists. Lutz Bacher, FIRE, 2016; print on plywood and wood; courtesy of the artist and Greene Naftali, New York. Aldo Rossi, Prototype for Cabina, 1981; painted wood; courtesy of Drawing Matter Collections.

In 1913 the French artist Marcel Duchamp inverted a bicycle wheel and attached it to a humble wooden stool, opening an entirely new chapter in the history of art. Nearly 100 years later, Oliver Payne and Nick Relph updated this old metal and bare wood with streamlined 21st-century materials as Technical Taxi (2007). The piece opens READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, an exhibition curated by Fredi Fischli and Niels Olsen which marks the third edition of the Swiss Institute’s annual Architecture and Design Series (as well as the opening show for its new East Village location). To say Technical Taxi opens READYMADES is a bit misleading; with 65 works on display, each a contemporary readymade, the exhibition is absolutely packed, sometimes overwhelming in its density. And this is precisely the point. For Fischli and Olsen, these shifting scales and this onslaught of objects parallels the disorienting experience of being in the contemporary city. And the physical material of the city itself abounds: one of Christo’s Store Front pieces (1965–66), two sculptures made from the green plywood walls universally recognizable as a construction barrier taken by Klara Lidén from Swiss Institute’s own renovation (Untitled (loveseat) and Untitled (sounds like a whisper)), a dual channel real estate phantasmagoria by Lena Youkhana (Srud office/Motel/Erbil and a small person found on the mountainous Iraq-Iran border), and revised traffic signs by Martin Wong (Traffic Signs for the Hearing Impaired) are just some examples.

  1. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute, New York. Left to Right: Alan Belcher, Desktop, 2012 / 2018; unique installation of 23 ceramic “_____.jpg”s; courtesy of the artist and Galerie Lange & Pult, Zürich. Oliver Payne and Nick Relph, Technical Taxi, 2007; metal bicycle wheel and plastic stool, pedestal courtesy of Shane Akeroyd Collection, London. Inside Outside / Petra Blaisse, Don’t pinch!, 2018; curtain with readymade material; courtesy of the Inside Outside / Petra Blaisse with Peter Niessen and Aura Luz Melis. architecten de vylder vinck tallieu, YELLOW, 2018; yellow construction posts; courtesy of the artists. Lutz Bacher, FIRE, 2016; print on plywood and wood; courtesy of the artist and Greene Naftali, New York.

  2. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute, New York. Pictured: Jennifer Bolande, Conjunction Assemblage, 1988; refrigerator door, speaker facing, speaker cloth, framed color photograph; courtesy of the artist

  3. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute, New York. Left to Right: Richard Sides & Gili Tal, Deep down the masters have always been anarchists, 2018; T-shirts, image transfer, cardboard boxes, polythene bags; courtesy of the artists. Sylvie Fleury, Yes to All, 2004; steel with 24 Karat gold plate; courtesy of Beth Rudin Dewoody. Sylvie Fleury with Lady Pink, MORE FEMINISM LESS BULLSHIT, 2018; graffiti on wall; courtesy of the artists. OFFICE Kersten Geers David Van Severen, Aluminum Bistro Chairs, 2018; 12 aluminum slat back chairs; courtesy of the artists.

The exhibition also engages in the onerous task of collecting architecture while simultaneously troubling the fact that the “readymade could be the enemy of the architect,” as Fischli puts it. It might be argued the readymade denies an originality to building that is contrary to the notion of the architect as an individual (or office) and author. However, for the architects in READYMADES, the call of the readymade is an opportunity. Rem Koolhaas’s Field Trip (1971) takes the Berlin Wall as a sort of public readymade and index of spatial and political experience. Christian Kerez’s Collecting Architecture (2018) responds to the exhibition’s premise in decidedly democratic way — on a simple sheet of paper mounted on the wall next to various studies he begins by pointing out the way we can all see into the White House through our televisions and goes on to describe the “working proofs, studies, and exhibitions” as prime examples of the architectural readymade. Unlike a real building, they rarely get changed or destroyed. Of course, in architecture and in real estate not all that is for sale is solid. For 38 St. Marks Pl Air Rights for Sale (2018), Arno Brandlhuber has taken over the sky above Swiss Institute’s roof with a fog machine and laser lights, reminding us that every last bit of the city is commodifiable, even the air above us.

Beyond the city in general, READYMADES also stakes a claim in the city it’s in, culling upon the history of readymades and appropriation-based art that so populated the artistic output of the East Village in the 1980s. Even the title is a New York City-born readymade itself, lifted from a 1987 project by Philippe Thomas, readymades belong to everyone®, that transformed nearby Cable Gallery into a public relations and advertising agency. And while the current show’s jam-packed layout of objects certainly reads with the congestion of the city, in its ecstatic object fetishism it evinces another proto-urban landscape: the e-commerce warehouse. Despite how dematerialized online shopping might seem to the average consumer, it is anything but. Amazon’s fulfillment centers broke the million square foot (that is, over 23 acres) threshold, a number of years ago. The rapidly developing hardware center of Shenzhen, China’s Huaqiangbei electronics market might be another example of these consumer hyperspaces obscured from common view. And, as is well known to most by now, cities across North America have been vying to become Amazon’s HQ2, a bid that will likely irrevocably shift the fabric of the urban center the retailer decides to call home. These central nodes, themselves microcosms of a city, comprise a global supra-urban mesh thriving on and offline, 24/7.

  1. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute, New York. Left to Right: Christo, Store Front, 1965–66; galvanized metal, wood, Masonite, aluminum, fabric, Plexiglas and electric light; collection of Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, Museum purchase, 1979.45. Maria Eichhorn, Three Paper Bags, 2009 / 2018; collecting empty packaging of products which have already been consumed; Data Quest Apple Premium Reseller paper bags, product packaging collected during a specific period of time; courtesy of the artist.

  2. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute, New York. Right to Left: Richard Sides & Gili Tal, Deep down the masters have always been anarchists, 2018; T-shirts, image transfer, cardboard boxes, polythene bags; courtesy of the artists. Ser Serpas, brooklyn baby, 2018; bathtub; courtesy of the artist. Lena Tutunjian, *The Individual (Subway

    *, 2018; subway in London, digital video; courtesy of the artist.)
  3. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute, New York. Pictured: Detail of Richard Sides & Gili Tal, Deep down the masters have always been anarchists, 2018; T-shirts, image transfer, cardboard boxes, polythene bags; courtesy of the artists.

Of course, Amazon’s 23 acres, no matter how towering and delirious inside, hardly compete with over 14,000 acres of Manhattan. Still, the general operating logics of the two “urban” typologies run in tandem. The visual overload of READYMADES mimics the over-abundance of images and objects that define the rapid acceleration of global capitalism — be it in Times Square or on your smartphone. If the readymade began as things bought off a store shelf — a bottle rack, a shovel, a urinal — then the art of selection becomes at once more and less difficult, more and less discerning today. The hyper-availability of stuff means there is just simply so much to mine through, a seemingly infinite number of options populate innumerable online retailers. However, in this surplus there is less significance; culture and objects are disposable, cast off into landfills to fester and re-emerge as an already-pastiche. A 24 karat gold public trash can by Sylvie Fleury, Yes to All (2014), doesn’t merely elevate the design object so often ignored, if not maligned, that dots city sidewalks, but makes it — and the act of disposal — entirely absurd. If Duchamp reconfigured aesthetic categories, it could be argued that those aesthetic categories have dispersed and mutated into a network of meanings so far outside our range of vision that the very notion of making an “original work” seems almost risible. In a post-readymade culture, everything’s been done and will be done again, over-manufacturing begets over consumption and visa-versa. Capitalism’s garbage logic is a logic of forgetting limned by the archive of tossed off cardboard and bubble mailers. This is the very nature of the readymade, itself a sort of high-culture breed of upcycling, a zombie conceptualism. It’s not that the Swiss Institute’s galleries are overwhelmed, it’s that we have yet to accept that we are.

  1. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute, New York. Pictured: Sergison Bates Architects, Prototype for suburban houses, 1998; plywood and veneer, print on paper; courtesy of the artists.

  2. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute, New York. Left to Right: Klara Lidén, Untitled (loveseat), 2018; wood, paper; courtesy of the artist and Reena Spaulings Fine Art, New York. Lacaton & Vassal, FRAC museum in Dunkirk, France, 2013; print on paper; courtesy of the artists. Richard Sides & Gili Tal, Deep down the masters have always been anarchists, 2018; T-shirts, image transfer, cardboard boxes, polythene bags; courtesy of the artists. Claire Fontaine, Pinocchio, 2016; mannequin, padding, mask, false eyeballs, eyelashes, wig, hat, bowtie, suit jacket, trousers, shirt, handkerchief, leggings, brogues, socks, gloves, metal base, armature, pot with chain, patterned stick plastic and fake grass; courtesy of the artist and T293, Rome. Aldo Rossi, Prototype for Cabina, 1981; painted wood; courtesy of Drawing Matter Collections. Sylvie Fleury with Lady Pink, MORE FEMINISM LESS BULLSHIT, 2018; graffiti on wall; courtesy of the artists.

  3. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute, New York. Left to Right: Klara Lidén, Untitled (sounds like a whisper), 2018; wood, paper; courtesy of the artist and Reena Spaulings Fine Art, New York. Klara Lidén, Untitled (instant decaf), 2018; mixed media; courtesy of the artist and Reena Spaulings. LaKela Brown, Multi-colored Teeth, 2018; plaster, glitter and acrylic; courtesy of the artist and Lars Friedrich.

Dematerialization is a myth. The internet’s best kept open secret is that it runs on physical substrate. It comprises so many objects, from semiconductors and fiber optic cables, to modems, routers, and entire data centers. And online shopping is no less material than its IRL analogue, it’s just now we have shopping workers toiling invisibly in high-efficiency warehouses to ensure our things can be rapidly delivered by plane, truck, even drone. In READYMADES, this interest in physical consumption is everywhere. In Richard Sides and Gili Tal’s flatly post-ironic Deep down the masters have always been anarchists (2018), graphic t-shirts that borrow language and imagery from across visual culture are set on humble cardboard boxes, a sort of everyman’s plinth. They might remind us of a tacky selection from Café Press or a touristy Canal Street stall. When worn, these shirts act as embodied calling cards, a prime example of the way capitalism trains us to believe our purchases of pre-fabricated goods fabricate our identities. This reflexive construction of art and the self through the performance of consumption is perhaps best represented in Maria Eichhorn’s Three Paper Bags (2009/2018). Eichhorn instructed Fischli and Olsen to hold onto all the packaging the acquired while curating READYMADES, the ghosts of products past, and place them in bags from Data Quest, a well-known Swiss technology retailer. The bags, which possess a certain Apple-ified aesthetic, rest casually on the Swiss Institute floor in the midst of the exhibition. Like out on the streets, the readymade urban landscape of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE is a space to perform the rituals of collectible capitalism. The artist as shopper is the prophet of this consumer democracy.

  1. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute. Right to Left: Martin Wong, Traffic Signs for the Hearing Impaired (Xing), 1990; aluminum; courtesy of the Estate of Martin Wong and P.P.O.W. Koo Jeong A, Untitled, 2018; red sofa, bubble roll; courtesy of the artist. Rem Koolhaas, Field Trip, 1971; digital Slideshow; courtesy of the artist.

  2. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute, New York. Left to Right: Christian Kerez, Collecting Architecture, 2018; photographs, plans, wall text; courtesy of the artist. Klara Lidén, Untitled (sounds like a whisper), 2018; wood, paper; courtesy of the artist and Reena Spaulings Fine Art, New York. Claire Fontaine, Yoda, 2016; mannequin, padding, polystyrene, mask, false eyeballs, eyelashes, wig, djellaba, trousers, cape, prayer shawls, leather prayer socks, slip on shoes, socks, t-shirt, leather gloves, metal base, armature, pot with chain and carpet; courtesy of the artist and T293, Rome. Lena Youkhana, a small person found on the mountainous Iraq-Iran border, 2018; found footage, 2 min 42 sec; courtesy of the artist.

  3. Installation view of READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE, Swiss Institute, New York. From Right to Left: Ken Lum, Untitled (The Red and the Black), 2018; mixed media; courtesy of the artist and Galerie Marc Jancou. Emanuel Rossetti, Ubu, 2017; stainless steel, rivets; courtesy of the artist and Jan Kaps, Cologne.

While Duchamp couldn’t have anticipated the rapid march of Western hyper-consumption, he perhaps may have helped usher it in. The artistry of the readymade was always already the art of buying. While many cite the bricolage Bicycle Wheel (1913) as the first readymade, some argue that it is the 1914 Bottle Rack that truly first embodies the form. It was simply an iron bottle rack bought off the shelf at the Bazar de l’Hôtel de Ville, a famous Paris department store. In the 21st century, not only the manufacturing of our objects, but our purchasing of them, is increasingly mediated. Readymades may not belong to everyone — and certainly not everyone has the material access to the same readymades — but rather, in the production of the self through rampant overconsumption, readymades are everyone. Selection manufactures ourselves.

Text by Drew Zeiba.

READYMADES BELONG TO EVERYONE is on view at Swiss Institute through August 19, 2018.